Intestinal Helminthiases among School Children in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of Chad: Prevalence and Risk Factors
International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, Volume 43, Issue 21,
Page 15-26
DOI:
10.9734/ijtdh/2022/v43i211359
Abstract
Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of intestinal helminthiases in school children in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Chad.
Study Design: Cross-sectional and descriptive.
Place and Duration of Study: September 2021 to February 2022 in two of Chad's three ecological zones: the Sudanian and Sahelian zones.
Methodology: A total of 1408 stool samples were collected from school children (aged from 5 to 18 years) in 19 schools; 13 of which were in the Sudanian zone and 6 in the Sahelian zone. The analysis of these samples was carried out by the Kato-Katz method, for the detection and quantification of intestinal helminths eggs.
Results: Analysis of these samples revealed the presence of 9 helminths taxa, with an overall infestation rate of 35.87% in both zones. Ascaris lumbricoides (16.41%), Schistosoma mansoni (14.00%) and Hymenolepis nana (6.53%) were the most common helminths found. Pupils in the Sudanian zone were relatively more infested than those in the Sahelian zone, except for Taenia saginata and Ascaris lumbricoides which were more often found in the Sahelian zone. With the exception of Enterobius vermicularis, no other difference in infestation rates was observed between age groups. By gender, the only significant difference in infestation rates was noted for Schistosoma mansoni for which girls were more parasitized.
Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of these parasitoses in Chad and that poor hygiene favors the endemicity and persistence of these helminthiases; it also points to the need for a national helminthiases control program.
- Intestinal helminths
- prevalence
- Sahelian zone
- Sudanian zone
- Chad
- pupils
How to Cite
References
World Health Organization. Schistosomiase et géohelminthiases : Prévention et lutte. Rapport d’un Comité d’experts de l’OMS. Série de Rapports Techniques, n°912. 2004;77.
World Health Organization. Lutte contre les helminthiases chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Guide à l’intention des responsables des programmes de lutte. WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/. 2012;89.
Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Romuald IKN, Sumo L, Ngassam P, Calvine DN, Deguy DLN et al. Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the regions of centre, East and West Cameroon. Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012;6(3): e1553.
World Health Oragnization. Schistoso-miasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: Numbers of people treated in 2017. 2018; 93:681–692.
Available:http://www.who.int/wer
Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Bundy DAP, Hall A, et Savioli L. Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level. WHO/CTD/SIP/. 1998;1: 49.
Hamit MA, Fombotioh N, Issa RA, Samafou S. Epidemiological profile of urinary schistosomiasis in three primary schools in the city of N’Djamena (Chad). European J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2020;7: 242-246.
Hamit MA, Abdelsalam T, Brahim BO, Mahamat TT, Bilong Bilong CF. An epidemiological assessment of the infectious forms of intestinal helminths in school children from Chad. J Biol L Sci. 2013;4(2):341.
Brooker S, Beasley M, Ndinaromtan M, Madjiouroum E, Baboguel M, Djenguinabe E, Hay S, Bundy D. Use of remote sensing and a geographical information system in a national helminth control programme in Chad. Bull Word Health Organ. 2002;80: 783-789.
Tchana TF, Aboudrahyme S, Temgoua CN. Perspectives économiques et pauvreté au Tchad en 10 graphiques, Africa can end poverty, Banque mondiale-Blogs; 2021.
Accessed 15 August 2022.
Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Irrigation du Tchad. Plan quinquennal de développement de l’agriculture au Tchad. 2013;58.
Magnani R. Guide d’échantillonnage. Food and Nutrition Technique Assistance Project. 2001; 57.
Available:http://www.fantaproject.org
Zineb S, Karima B, Ahmed BA, Mohammed BO. Methodological sheet n°1: How to calculate the size of a sample for an observational study? Tunis Med. 2020;98(01):7.
World Health Organization. Planches pour le diagnostic des parasites intestinaux. WHO/CDS/CPE/SMT/. 1994;23.
NKengazong L, Njiokou F, Wandji S, Teukeng F, Enyosng P, Asonganyi P. Prevalence of soil transmitted helminths and impact of albendazole on parasitic indices in Kottobarombi and Marumba II villages (South-West Cameroon). Afr J Environ Sci. Technol. 2010;4(3):115-121.
Ould ASCB, Bent A, Ousmane B, Koita M, Dem E, Hamidou S, Mohamed OA, Baidy L. Prévalence des parasitoses intestinales chez les écoliers dans les Wilayas du Gorgol, Guidimagha et Brakna (Mauritanie). Rev Francoph des Lab N °440. 2012;75-78.
Savadogo B, Bengaly MD, Sorgho H, Zongo D, Zeba AN, Lanou H et al. Statut nutritionnel et parasitoses (intestinales et urinaires) chez les enfants d’âges scolaire au Burkina Faso : Cas des écoles de Yamtenga, Koubri et Daguilma. Sci Tech. 2014;37:45-56.
Ministère de la Fonction Publique, du Travail et l’Emploi. Politique Nationale de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle au Tchad. 2014;78.
Tagajdid R, Lemkhente Z, Errami M, El Mellouki W et Lmimouni B. Portage parasitaire intestinal chez l’enfant scolarisé à Salé, Maroc. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2012;105:40-45.
Salé Hagam. Développement de l’éducation en Afrique subsaharienne (exemple du Tchad). Edition Harmattan. 2012;304.
Dankoni EN, TchuemTchuenté LA. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the sub-division of Kékem (West-Cameroon). Int J Innov Appl Stud. 2014;8(4): 1782-1790.
Bechir M, Schelling E, Hamit MA, Tanner M, Zinsstag J. Parasitic infections, anemia and malnutrition among rural settled and mobile pastoralist mothers and their children in Chad. Eco Health. 2012;9(2): 122–131.
Awono-Ambene HP, Njieyap LD, Akono NP, Etang JD, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C et al. Soil-transmitted protozoans and helminths from market gardening sites of Yaounde, Cameroon. J Environ Sci Public Health. 2020;4:61-70.
Kouassi WYR, Perrotey S, Bassa KF, N’goran K. Parasites gastro-intestinaux des population humaines du parc national de tai, Cote d’Ivoire. Eur Sci J. 2019; 15(36):27-44.
Goodman D, Haji HJ, Bickle QD. A comparison of methods for detecting the eggs of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm in infant stool and the epidemiology of infection in Zanzibari infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(4):725-31.
Hamit MA, Tidjani MT, Bilong Bilong CF. Recent data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in N’Djamena, Chad Republic. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2008;2(12): 407-411.
Hamit MA, Abdelsalam T, Brahim BO, Mahamat B, Bilong Bilong CF. Prevalence of intestinal worms among, schoolchildren in Chad : Importance of highlighting the concentration method in fecal examination. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2017;4(1):52-59.
Zephania NF, Ndifor FC. Tropical city milieux and disease infection: The case of Douala, Cameroon. J Hum Ecol. 2017;30 (2):123-130.
Oyono MG, Lehman LG, Bilong BCF. Multiparasitism among school children of Akonolinga, Nyong and Mfoumou Division, Centre Region of Cameroon. J Biol L Sci. 2019;10(2):90-105.
Leta GT, Kalkidan M, Yonas W, Abeba G, Heven S, Sindew M et al. National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):437.
Lehman LG, Kouodjip LN, Bilong Bilong CF. Diagnostic des parasitoses intestinales à l’aide de la microscopie à fluorescence. Med Afr Noire. 2012;59(7): 378-385.
Daryani AM, Nasrolahei M, Khalilian A, Mohammadi A, Barzega G. Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in Sari, northern Iran. R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106(8):455-9.
Nxasana N, Baba K, Bhat V, Vasaikar SD. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in primary school children of mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(4): 511-516.
Traoré SG, Odermatt P, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, Aka ND, Adoubryn KD et al. No Paragonimus in high-risk groups in Cote d’Ivoire, but considerable prevalence of helminths and intestinal protozoon infections. Parasit vectors. 2011;4:96.
Ibikounlé M, Satoguina J, Fachinan R, Tokplonou L, Batcho W, Kindé-Gazard D et al. Épidémiologie de la bilharziose urinaire et des géohelminthiases chez les jeunes scolaires des zones lacustres de la commune de So-Ava, sud-Bénin. J Appl Biosci. 2013;70:5632-5639.
Aubry P, Gauzère BA. Schistosomoses ou bilharzioses. Med Trop. 2021;10.
Narayan G, Ritu A, Hari PN. Intestinal parasitosis in school going children of Dharan municipality, Nepal. Trop Gastroenterol. 2009;30:145-147.
Saotoing P, Wadoube Z, Njan Nlôga AM. Epidemiological survey of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in Mayo-Louti Division, Northern Region Cameroon. J Appl Biosci. 2014; 81:7233-7240.
Auriault C, Pancré V, Wolowczuk I, Asseman C, Ferru I, Verwaerde C. Immunité cellulaire et pathologie de la schistosomiase. Parasit. 1996;3:199– 208.
Anofel. Oxyurose. Université Médicale Virtuelle Francophone. 2014;5.
Gbocho YF, Diakité NR, Akotto OF, N’Goran KE. Dynamique des populations de mollusques hôtes intermédiaires de Schistosoma haematobium et Schistosoma mansoni de Taabo- village (sud Côte d'Ivoire). J Anim Plant Sci. 2015; 25(3): 3939-3953.
-
Abstract View: 610 times
PDF Download: 121 times